Neurology Surgery

Neurosurgery is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. The specialty of neurosurgical care includes both adult and paediatric patients. A neurological surgeon may provide surgical or non-surgical care dependent upon the nature of the injury.

The scientific study of the Nervous system is called Neuroscience. It deals with the study of the development of Nervous system. Neurons help in the transmission of information throughout the body. Several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed as a result of the increasing number of scientists who study the nervous system, to provide a forum to all neuroscientists and educators.

Neurologist is a doctor or specialist who specializes in neurology. Neurologists do not perform surgery and if one of their patients requires surgery, they refer them to a neurosurgeon. They treat disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, such as:

·         Cerebrovascular disease like stroke

·         Demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis

·         Headache disorders

·         Infections of the brain & peripheral nervous system

·         Movement disorders like Parkinson's disease

·         Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease.                

·         Seizure disorders, such as epilepsy

·         Spinal cord disorders

·         Speech and language disorders

Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are not the same. Dementia is a term used to describe symptoms that impact memory, performance of communication abilities and daily activities. Alzheimer’s disease is a common type of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease gets worse with time and affects memory, language, Writing and thought. Younger people can also develop dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, your risk increases as you age. Hence Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are considered as a normal part of aging.

Dementia could be a disorder, not an illness. A disorder could be a bunch of side effects that don’t have an authoritative determination. Dementia affects mental cognitive errands such as memory and thinking. Dementia is an umbrella term that Alzheimer’s malady can drop beneath. It can happen due to an assortment of conditions, the foremost common of which is Alzheimer’s illness.

Parkinson’s disease is the second most Neurodegenerative disease and it is also called as Movement Disorder. It grows slowly, in some Patients beginning with a scarcely detectable tremor in only one hand. A tremor might be the most common indication of Parkinson's infection, the turmoil likewise regularly causes solidness or moderating of development. In the early stages of Parkinson's illness, the patients face may indicate next to zero demeanours, or arms may not swing when they walk. Their discourse may turn out to be delicate or slurred. Parkinson's malady indications compound as the patient’s condition advances after some time. Considerable advances have been made in recent years, in our knowledge and understanding of Parkinson's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder.  It results in the death of brain cells. The earliest symptoms are problems with mood or mental abilities. As the disease increases, uncoordinated, jerky body movements become more apparent. Physical abilities worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk. Mental abilities generally decline and lead to dementia. The specific symptoms may vary somewhat between people. Symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age, but it can start at any age. The symptoms of Huntington’s disease are more similar to Parkinson's disease. People with Huntington’s disease usually underestimate the degree of their problems.

Stroke happens when the supply of blood to the cerebrum is either thwarted or diminished.    Ischemic and haemorrhagic are sorts of encourage independently. This might be expedited as a result of the blockages in the hallways that supply blood to the mind which prompts coagulating of blood. Oily stores in the conductors cause the coagulation. What's more, moreover supply courses in the cerebrum either spilling blood or impacting open in the long run realizes stroke. Deadness of the face, arm or leg, particularly on one side of the body; issue with seeing, in one or both eye and with walking, including dazedness and nonappearance of co-arrangement. The already specified is a bit of the sign of stroke.

Neurocognitive disorder is a general term that describes decreased mental function due to a medical disease other than a psychiatric illness. Neurocognitive disorders are classified into two type’s Major Neurocognitive disorder and Minor neurocognitive disorder. Major Neurocognitive disorder was previously known as dementia. Neurocognitive disorders affect memory, attention, learning, language, perception, and social cognition.

Neuromuscular disorders affect the nerves that control your voluntary muscles. Neurons send messages that control these muscles. When the neurons die or become unhealthy, communication between the nervous system and muscles breaks down. At this stage, the muscles weaken and waste away. The weakness of muscle leads to twitching, cramps, aches and pains, and joint and movement problems. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Multiple sclerosis, Myasthenia gravis, Spinal muscular atrophy are examples of neuromuscular disorders.

Neuropsychology is the study of the structure and function of the brain and their specific psychological processes and behaviours. It aims to understand how behaviour and cognition are influenced by brain functioning and is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavioural and cognitive effects of neurological disorders. So that Neuropsychology tends to study how the brain correlates with the mind. It thus shares concepts and concerns with neuropsychiatry.

Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behaviour. The two noteworthy branches of neuropharmacology are behavioural and molecular. Behavioural neuropharmacology centers around the investigation of how drugs influence human behaviour, including the investigation of how to medicate reliance and addiction influence the human mind.

Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The Interneuronal space of the central nervous system includes a large number of cells like neuroglial cells. The bone of the skull and spinal column that creates a physical barrier to injury which acts as the main line of defence of Central Nervous System. CNS also has a shock absorbing fluid-filled space below the bones that is called syrinx. Unfortunately, this protection leads to severe complications if any injury occurs to CNS then the soft tissue of the brain and spinal cord swells that causes pressure because of the restricted space. It is very complicated to deal with diseases and disorders related to the central nervous system.

Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders associated with diseases of the nervous system. Neuropsychiatry has become a growing subspecialty of psychiatry and it is also closely related to the fields of neuropsychology and behavioural neurology. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease include psychosis (delusions and hallucinations) as well as behavioural changes such as depressive mood, anxiety, irritability, apathy, euphoria, disinhibition, aggression, aberrant motor activities, sleep disorder, and eating disorder.

Neuroimmunology is a field of Neuroscience and Immunology. Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system and Immunology the study of the immune system.  Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries. Neuroimmunologists helps in the development of new pharmacological treatments for several neurological conditions.

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. It is a type of chemical messenger which transmits signals across a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron to another target neuron. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft from synaptic vesicles in synapses. Then they are received by neurotransmitter receptors on the target cells. Neurotransmitters play an important role in shaping everyday life and functions. More than 200 chemical messengers have been uniquely identified in our body.

Epilepsy is a branch of medicine which deals with certain disorders of the nervous system. There are about more than 600 epilepsy disorders. Major types of Epileptic diseases occur due to faulty genes or injuries to the spinal cord or brain. Partial or complete paralysis, muscle weakness, etc. are the physical symptoms of epileptic diseases. The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves. A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord is a Neurologist. Epilepsy has no detectable cause in most of the cases with the situation. But the situations can be identified by various factors, such as Genetic influence, Head trauma, Brain conditions, Infectious diseases, prenatal injury.

Brain tumours occur when abnormal cells forms within the body. Tumour which starts in the cerebrum is an essential mind tumour. The reason behind cerebrum tumours is not clear. The manifestations of cerebrum tumours rely on upon their size, sort, and area. The most common side effects of mind tumours incorporate cerebral pains; deadness or shivering in the arms or legs; seizures, memory issues; the state of mind and identity changes; adjust and strolling issues; sickness and regurgitating; changes in discourse, vision, or hearing.

The study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms are called Neuro-Oncology. Many of which are very dangerous and life-threatening like astrocytoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma, and brain stem tumors are among the many examples of these. 

Depression is caused when the person is speechless and motionless for some extended period that may have for psychological or physiological behaviour bases. They are the inability to move normally. Change in appetite, trouble falling asleep, and trouble getting out of bed, thoughts of suicide or death are the symptoms of depression. Depression is treatable. Initial treatment provides symptomatic relief. The people who are suffering from this depression should have the support of the people who are around them like friends, Family Members, etc

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure.

Neurology and Ophthalmology are the two broad fields combine and results in the field of Neuro-Ophthalmology. The neurological manifestation in the visual system is what exactly it means. The optic nerve transmits the visual stimuli and dysfunction of this entity might cause visual impairment and could even lead to irreparable damage.

Neuro diagnostic tests include the use of vital tools when a patient’s condition is thought to be based in the development of techniques allows scientists to see inside the living brain and monitor the nervous system activity. So, there are many imaging techniques available and it takes several times for processing. Some procedures are performed in specialized settings, conducted to determine the presence of a particular disorder or abnormality. Many tests like Computed Tomography (CT). Neuroimaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) were previously conducted in a hospital are now performed in a physician’s office or at an outpatient testing facility, with little if any risk to the patient.

Neurotherapeutics is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on experimental treatments of neurological disorders. There is a profound increase in the diagnostics procedure and drug discovery in the field of Neurology.

Neuro-therapeutics is a digital health start-up, building hardware products and software platforms designed to measurably improve brain health.

Diagnosis and management of neurological conditions in neonates infants, children and adolescents is Pediatric Neurology. Neuropediatrics is the term used to indicate Neurological problems arising in children, disorders of the spinal cord, brain, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, muscles and blood vessels that affect children.

There are about more than 600 neurological diseases in the world. There are nearly 248 case reports in intracerebral malignant lymphoma, two cases of intracranial subdural hematoma and 167 cases of Extradural Hematoma.

Case reports on Neurology and Neurosurgery track is made to share scientists, researchers, doctor’s practical experience of new and critical neurological conditions and injuries and to influence young researchers. It enables other researchers to gather knowledge and ideas about new technologies, clinical trials, drug testing and other new aspects on Neurology and Neurosurgery.